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In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works, Pinker has argued the swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have originatedas evolutionary adaptations, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is immunefrom being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the smaller number of women who become mechanical engineers—all may have their rootsin natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might differin their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may have littleinfluence on personality.

Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense scrutiny. Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to conductface-to-face business meetings contribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting strainon the environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced a new video-conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face meetings to be held across continents without the time pressureor environmental burden of international travel. Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-point, dual-location basis. The firm's VirtuaLive technology, however, can bring people together from up to five separatelocations anywhere in the world - with unrivalledtransmission quality.

Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early 1970s. Although the Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974 it assumedfull responsibility for funding higher education – abolishingtuition fees with the intention of making university accessibleto all Australians who had the abilityand who wished to participate in higher education. Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards greater private contributions, particularlystudent fees. In 1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which included a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions. This enabled university to remain accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans. In 2002, the Australian Government introduceda scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article examines the three main sources - Australian Government funding, student fees and charges, and HECS. While the proportion of total revenueraised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of students' university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt.

Sound depressing, even apocalyptic? Well, it could be the future. If government forecastsare right, about 20 years from now, two out of five households will be single occupancy. And there is evidence the situation is already deteriorating. According to a report, Social Isolation in America, published in the American Sociological Review in 2006, the average American today has only two close friends. Twenty-five per cent of those surveyed said they do not have anyone to talk with about important things---And yet, while some are declaringa crisis in our ability to make friends, others are saying exactly the opposite. For example, MSN's Anatomy of Friendship Report, published last November, suggests that the average Briton has 54 friends - a spectacularrise of 64 per cent since 2003.

Thomas Alva Edison was botha scientist and an inventor. Born in 1847, Edison would see tremendouschange take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur. When Edison was born, society still thoughtof electricity as a novelty, a fad. By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the creditfor that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented1,093 inventions, earning him the nickname “The Wizard of Menlo Park.” The most famous of his inventions was the incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developedthe phonograph and the “kinetoscope,” a small box for viewing moving films. Thomas Edison is also the first person in the US to make his own filmstrips. He also improvedupon the original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone. He believed in hard work, sometimes working twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, “Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.” In tributeto this important American, electric lights in the United States were dimmedfor one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death.

All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots inmuscle known as "trigger points". "Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are almost constantly contracting," says Kippen. "The contraction causes pain, which in turn causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is what deep tissue massage aims to break. "The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe's elbow, is to apply pressure tothe point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood the affected area withblood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says Kippen, you can fool the tensed muscle into relaxing byapplying pressure to a complementary one nearby. "If you cause any muscle to contract, its opposite will expand. So you try to trick the body intorelaxing the muscle that is in spasm.

Measuring poverty on a global scale requiresestablishing a uniform poverty level across extremely divergent economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World Bank has defined the international poverty line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the pricesof goods and services between countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the leastdeveloped countries, primarily African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle-incomeeconomies such as those of East Asia and Latin America.

The most vitalingredient in Indian cooking, the basicelement with which all dishes begin and, normally, the cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the shopping basket of families of all classes. A popular saying holds that you will never starve because you can always afford a roti (a piece of simple, flat bread) and an onion. But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable luxuryfor India's poor. Over the past few days, another sharp surgein prices has begun to unsettle the influential urban middle classes. The sudden spikein prices has been caused by large exports to neighboring countries and a shortage of supply. With its capacity for bringing down governments and scarring political careers, the onion plays an explosiverole in Indian politics. This week reports of rising onion prices have made front-page news and absorbed the attention of the governing elite. explosive adj.

I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on my bike to reduce the risk of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I have persuaded many friends to wear helmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons call those without helmets, "donors on wheels”. But a book on 'Risk’ by my colleague John Adams has made me re-examine my convictions. Adams has completely underminedmy confidence in these apparently sensible precautions. What he has persuasively argued, particularly in relation to seat belts, is that the evidence that they do what they are supposed to do is very suspect. This is inspiteofnumerous claims that seat belts save many thousands of lives every year. There is remarkable data from the year 1970 to 1978 in which countries with wearing of seat belts compulsoryhave had on average about 5 per cent more road accident deaths following the introduction of the law. In the UK, road deaths have decreased steadily from about 7,000 a year in 1972 to just over 4,000 in 1989. There is no evidence in the trend for any effect of the seat belt law that was introduced in 1983. Moreover, there is evidence that the number of cyclists and pedestrians killed actually increased by about 10 per cent.

If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some native speakers, they should not worry. This does not necessarilymean the lessons were wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin American Spanish nor Castilian, which predominate in US schools. The confusion is partly political - the Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common Spanish dialect taught in the US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called "Highland" Spanish since it is generally spoken in the mountainousareas of Latin America. While each country retains its own accentsand has some unique vocabulary, residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin American Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciationof each letter and its strong "r" sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was brought to the Americas by the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called Castilian, developed characteristicsthat never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of "ci" and "ce" as "th." In Madrid, "gracias" (thank you) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-see-as" in Latin America). Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all, or you guys) as the informal form of "ustedes" in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to US residents.

An exotictype of diamond may have come to Earth from outer space, scientists say. Called carbonado or "black" diamonds, the mysteriousstones are found in Brazil and the Central African Republic. They are unusualfor being the color of charcoal and full of frothy bubbles. The diamonds, which can weighin at more than 3,600 carats, can also have a face that looks like melted glass. Because of their oddappearance, the diamonds are unsuitableas gemstones. But they do have industrial applications and were used in the drill bits that helped dig the Panama Canal. Now a team led by Stephen Haggerty of Florida International University in Miami has presented a new study suggestingthat the odd stones were brought to Earth by an asteroid billions of years ago. The findings were published online in the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters on December 20. The scientists exposed polished pieces of carbonado to extremely intense infrared light. The test revealed the presence of many hydrogen-carbon bonds, indicating that the diamonds probably formed in a hydrogen-rich environment—such as that found in space. The diamonds also showed strong similaritiesto tiny Nano diamonds, which are frequently found in meteorites. "They're not identical," Haggerty said, "but they're very similar." Astrophysicists, he added, have developed theories predicting that Nano diamonds form easily in the titanic stellar explosions called supernovas, which scatter debris through interstellar space. The deposits in the Central African Republic and Brazil, he said, probablycome from the impact of a diamond-rich asteroid billions of years ago, when South America and Africa were joined. probably adv.

HERIOT-WATT University in Edinburgh has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA in Arabic. Arab students will be able to sign up to study at a distancefor the business courses in their own language. The Edinburgh Business School announcedthe project at a reception in Cairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course will improve links between the university and the Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said: "The Arabic MBA will raisethe profile of Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School among businesses in the Arabic speaking world and will create a strong network of graduates in the region." The first intakeof students is expected later this year. Professor Keith Lumsden, director of Edinburgh Business School, said: "Arabic is a major global language and the Arab world is a center for business and industrial development. We are proud to work with Arab International Education to meetthedemandsof the region.

Fancy locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but elsewhere it’s a different story. Edible insects – termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs – are on the menu for an estimated80 percent of the world’s population, More than 1000 species of insects are servedup around the world. For example, “kungu cakes” – made from midges – are a delicacyin parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating – or entomophagous – hotspot, where more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demandis so high that 40 species are now under threat, including white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly fetcharound $250 a kilogram. Eating insects makes nutritionalsense. Some contain more proteinthan meat or fish. The female gypsy moth, for instance, is about 80 percent protein. Insects can be a good sourceof vitamins and minerals too: a type of caterpillar (Usta Terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine. What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and fire ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably, inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects are often accidental tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug Administration even issues guidelines for the number of insect parts allowed in certain foods. For example, it is acceptablefor 225 grams of macaroni to contain up to 225 insect fragments.

It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a prewriting stimulus are composing their ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art creation process allows students the distance to elaborate, add details, and create more coherent text. The process of writing is more than putting words on a piece of paper. Effective authors are able to create imageryand to communicate ideas using well-chosen words, phrases, and text structures. Emergent writers struggle with the mechanicsof the writing process, i.e. fine motor control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and grammar rules. As a result, texts written by young writers be simplistic and formulaic. The artwork facilitatesthe writing process, resulting in a text that is richer in sensory detail and more intricatethan the more traditional writing-first crayon drawing-second approach.

What is a country, and how is a country defined? When people ask how many countries there are in the world, they expect a simple answer. After all, we've explored the wholeplanet, we have international travel, satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, sowe should really know how many countries there are! However, the answer to the question varies according to whom you ask. Mostpeople say there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like 260 of them. Sowhy isn't there a straightforward answer? The problem arises because there isn't a universally agreed definition of 'country' and because, for political reasons, some countries find it convenient to recognize or not recognize othercountries.

Founded after World War II by 51 "peace-loving states" combined to oppose future aggression, the United Nations now counts 192 member nations, includingits newest members, Nauru, Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999, Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland and East Timor in 2002, and Montenegro in 2006. United Nations Day has been observedon October 24 since 1948 and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments of the organization, which was established on October 24, 1945. The UN engagesin peacekeeping and humanitarian missions across the globe. Though some say its influencehas declined in recent decades, the United Nations still plays a tremendous role in world politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan, then Secretary- General of the UN, won the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world." Since 1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations, 16 are currently underway. Thus far, close to 130 nations have contributed personnel at various times; 119 are currently providing peacekeepers. As of August 31, 2008, there were 16 peacekeeping operations underway with a total of 88,230 personnel. The small island nation of Fiji has taken part in virtually every UN peacekeeping operation, as has Canada.

By the Bronze Age drinking vesselswere being made of sheer metal, primarily bronze or gold. However, the peak of feasting – and in particular, of the “political” type of feast came in the late Hallstatt period (about 600 – 450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek colonyof Massalia (Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhine. From that date on, the blood of the grape began to make its waynorth and east along major river systems together with imported metal and ceramic drinking vessels from the Greek world. Winewas thus added to the list of mood-altering beverages – such as and ale available to establish social networks in Iron Age Europe. Attic pottery fragments found at hillforts such as Heuneburg in Germany and luxury goods such as the monumental 5th century Greek bronze krater (or wine mixing vessel) found at Vix in Burgundy supply archaeological evidence of this interaction. Organic containerssuch as leather or wooden wine barrels may also have travelled north into Europe but have not survived. It is unknown what goods were tradedin return, but they may have included salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves.

The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can monitor machines and the work is carriedout alongside the craft. They also need to make sure the Space Travel. Outsidethe craft, they can see how the seeds react in the space. Some seeds company send seeds to them to investigatehow seeds change their biological character. When outside the craft, they can setupexperiments or clean up the space rubbish.

The Romans glorified the braveryshown in the arena, but trivializedthe events and degraded the participants. Mosaic pictures of executions and combats, graphicallyviolent to our eyes, were displayed in the public rooms and even dining rooms in the homes of wealthy Romans. How can the viewer today possibly understand such images? Until fairly recently, modern authors writing about the arena minimized its significance and representedthe institutionalized violence as a sideline to Roman history. The tendencywas also to view the events through our own eyes and to see them as pitiful or horrifying, although to most Romans empathy with victims of the arena was inconceivable. In the past few decades, however, scholars have started to analyze the complex motivations for deadly public entertainments and for contradictory views of gladiators as despised, yet beloved hero-slaves. tendency n.

A DOG may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog's. Over the centuries selectivebreeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologies. Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their littersize is reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an idealexperimental animal.

Complementary therapies - such as those practicedby naturopaths, chiropractors and acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades. Interest initially coincided with enthusiasmfor alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact and trade with China have also had an influence. The status of complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific research into their efficacy.

Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose dietconsists only of eggs. Some eat only small eggs, which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead, some other snakes eat bigger eggs, but it requires special treatment. These snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines crackthe egg openas it passes through the throat.

In his fascinatingbook Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by information. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix. Of the narrativesthat might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those that offer us some reward. A story that tells us that the world is cooking and that we'll have to make sacrifices for the sake of future generations is less likely to be accepted than the more rewarding idea that climate change is a conspiracy hatched by scheming governments and venal scientists, and that strong, independent-minded people should unite to defend their freedoms. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalistsshould show where the rewards might lie: that understanding what the science is saying and planning accordingly is the smart thing to do, which will protect your interests more effectively than flinging abuse at scientists. We should emphasizethe old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and community action. Projects like the transition town’s network and proposals for a green new deal tell a story which people are more willing to hear.

Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always thought she "was growing a nice little business." And that it is. A little business that controls45% of the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that sells in 118 countries and last year grew to be $3.6 billion big in sales. The Lauder family's shares are worth more than $6 billion. But early on, there wasn't a burgeoning business, there weren't houses in New York, Palm Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was one person to answer the telephones who changedher voice to become the shipping or billing department as needed. You more or less know the Estée Lauder story because it's a chapter from the book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer, daughter of immigrants, lived above her father's hardware store in Corona, a section of Queens in New York City. She started her enterpriseby selling skin creams concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts. No doubt the portions were good — Estée Lauder was a quality fanatic — but the saleslady was better. Much better. And she simply outworked everyone else in the cosmetics industry. She stalkedthe bosses of New York City department stores until she got some counter space at Saks Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a personal selling approach that proved as potentas the promise of her skin regimensand perfumes. regimens n.

Movement in painting that originatedin France in the 1860s and had enormous influence in European and North American painting in the late 19th century. The Impressionists wanted to depictreal life, to paint straight from nature, and to capture the changing effects of light. The term was first used abusively to describeClaude Monet's painting Impression: Sunrise (1872). The other leading Impressionists included Paul Camile, Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley, but only Monet remained devoted to Impressionist ideas throughout his career. The core of the Impressionist group was formed in the early 1860s by Monet, Renoir, and Sisley, who met as students and enjoyed painting in the open air - one of the hallmarks of Impressionism. They met other members of the Impressionist circle through Paris café society. They never made up a formal group, but they organized eight group exhibitions between 1874 and 1886, at the first of which the name Impressionism was applied. Their styles were diverse, but all experimentedwith effects of light and movement created with distinct brush strokes and fragmentsof color dabbed side-by-side on the canvas rather than mixed on the palette. By the 1880s the movement's central impulse had dispersed, and a number of new styles were emerging, later described as post-impressionism. British Impressionism had a major influence on the more experimentaland progressiveBritish painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of the painters were affected in the circle of Walter Sickert, who spent much of his career in France and was an influential figure who inspiredmany younger artists. His friend and exact contemporary Philip Wilson Steer is generally regarded as the most outstanding British Impressionist.

The principal recommendation of the world conferences was that countries must take full responsibility for their own development. National responsibility for national development is the necessary consequence of sovereignty. The Monterrey Consensus states that ‘Each country has primary responsibility for its own economic and social development, and the role of national policies and development strategies cannot be over-emphasized. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation called for all governments to begin implementing national sustainable development strategies (NSDS) by 2005 and the 2005 Summit agreed on a target of 2006 for all developing countries to adoptand start implementationof these strategies to achievethe internationally agreed goals. The automatic corollaryof that principle is that each country must be free to determine its own development strategy. It is essential that all donors and lenders accept the principle of country ownership of national development strategies. This implies the acceptance of the principle that development strategies should not only be attunedto country circumstances, but also be prepared and implemented under the leadership of the governments of the countries themselves. The 2005 World Summit also acknowledged, in this regard, that all countries must recognizethe need for developing countries to strike a balancebetween their national policy priorities and their international commitments.

Mount Everest called Chomolungma ("goddess mother of the world") in Tibet and Sagarmatha ("goddess of the sky") in Nepal, Mount Everest once went by the pedestrian name of Peak XV among Westerners. That was before surveyorsestablished that it was the highest mountain on Earth, a fact that came as something of a surprise—Peak XV had seemed lost in the crowd of other formidable Himalayan peaks, many of which gave the illusionof greater height. In 1852, the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India measured Everest's elevation as 29,002 feet above sea level. This figure remained the officially acceptedheight for more than one hundred years. In 1955, it was adjusted by a mere 26 feet to 29,028 (8,848 m). The mountain received its official name in 1865 in honor of Sir George Everest, the British Surveyor General from 1830—1843 who had mapped the Indian subcontinent. He had some reservationsabout having his name bestowed on the peak, arguing that the mountain should retain its local appellation, the standard policy of geographical societies. Before the Survey of India, a number of other mountains ranked supreme in the eyes of the world. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Andean peak Chimborazo was considered the highest. At a relatively unremarkable 20,561 feet (6,310 m), it is in fact nowhere near the highest, surpassedby about thirty other Andean peaks and several dozen in the Himalayas. In 1809, the Himalayan peak Dhaulagiri (26,810 ft.; 8,172 m) was declared the ultimate, only to be shunted aside in 1840 by Kanchenjunga (28,208 ft.; 8,598 m), which today ranks third. Everest's status has been unrivalled for the last century-and-a-half, but not without a few threats.

Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment-- such as that inside the International Space Station (ISS) -- result in loss of bone density and damageto the body’s muscles. That’s partly why stays aboard the ISS are restrictedat six months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are reporting that their 20/20 visionfaded after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they returned to Earth.

Paraphrasing is often defined as putting a passage from an author into your own words. However, what are your own words? How different must your paraphrase be from the original? The answer is it should be considerablydifferent. The whole point of paraphrasing is to show you have read and understood another person's ideas and can summarise them in your own writing style rather than borrowing their phrases. If you just change a few words or add some bits ofyour own to an otherwise reproduced passage, you will probably bepenalizedfor plagiarism. You should aim to condenseand simplify a writer's ideas and describe them using different sentence structures and expressions. Itisalso important to credit the original writer by referencing.

Americans approached a record level of generosity last year. Of the $260.28 billion given to charity in 2005, 76.5% of it came from individual donors. These people gave across the range of non-profit bodies, from museums to religious organizations, with a heavy emphasison disaster relief after the Asian tsunami and US hurricanes. In total, Americans gave away 2.2% of their household income in 2005, slightly above 40-year average. 。20052602.8，76.5%。 ，。2005， 2.

The last tourists may have been leaving the Valley of the Kings on the West Bank in Luxor but the area in front of the tomb of Tutankhamun remained far from deserted. Instead of the tranquilitythat usually descends on the area in the evening it was a hive of activity. TV crews trailed masses of equipment, journalists milled and photographers held their cameras at the ready. The reason? For the first time since Howard Carter discoveredthe tomb in 1922 the mummy of Tutankhamun was being prepared for public display. Inside the subterranean burial chamber Egypt's archaeology supremo Zahi Hawass, accompanied by four Egyptologists, two restorers and three workmen, were slowly lifting the mummy from the golden sarcophagus where it has been rested -- mostly undisturbed -- for more than 3,000 years. The body was then placed on a wooden stretcher and transportedto its new home, a high- tech, climate-controlled plexi-glass showcase located in the outer chamber of the tomb where, covered in linen, with only the face and feet exposed, it now greets visitors.

Fingerprints can provethat a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long as a human entered a crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the police to identifyan individual to crack a case. An institute in London can help preserveDNA and be used to match with the samplestaken from the crime scenes.

You have about 30 minutes to answer each question. You must take account of how many marks are availablefor each part when you answer it. Even if you think you can write more, don't spend 15 minutes answeringa part worth only 5 marks. Leave space at the end of your answer and come back to it if you have timeto spare later. And if you can't think of an answer to some part, leave a space and move on to the next part. Don't write about something else if you don't know the correct answer -- this is just a waste of your valuabletime (and the examiner's).

With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most attractive primates on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests of South America. Their small size makesit easy for them to dart about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs, and snails. Marmosets have another unusual food source- they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to dig into tree bark and lap up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-shaped holes in the brancheswhen they have finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and cattle ranches marmosets and tamarins are in serious dangerof extinction.

A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring reflectthe amount of rain and the seasonat which the rain fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to reconstruct pastclimate; e.g., a series of wide rings means a wet period, and a seriesof narrow rings means a drought.

This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a majorsource of diversityfor the Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirsof biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counterto the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropicalforest itself. “Basically, the Amazon basin is ‘melting pot’ for South American frogs,” says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. “Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role.

Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless to most people. When you’re allergic to something, your immune system mistakenlybelieves that this substance is harmful to your body. Substances that cause allergic reactions — such as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines — are known as allergens. In an attempt to protectthe body, the immune system produces IgE antibodiesto that allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to releasechemicals into the bloodstream, one of which is histamine. The histamine then actson a person's eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future exposure to that same allergen will trigger this antibody response again. This means that every time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll have an allergic reaction.

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between standard and nonstandard language is, evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at a transitionalpoint between two eras. We seem to be leaving an era when the rules of Standard English, as elected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, totally conditioned our sense of acceptableusage, so that all other usages and varieties were considered to be inferior or corrupt, and excluded from serious consideration. And we seem to be approaching an era when nonstandard usages and varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a new presence and respectabilitywithin society, reminiscent of that found in Middle English, when dialect variation in literature was widespread and uncontentious. But we are not there yet. The rise of Standard English has resulted in a confrontation between the standard and nonstandard dimensions of the language which has lasted for over 200 years, and this has had traumatic consequencesWhich will take some years to eliminate. Once people have been given an inferiority complex about the way they speak or write, they find it difficult to shake off.

Deciding to go to business school is perhaps the simplest part of what can be a complicated process. With nearly 600 accredited MBA programmes on offeraround the world, the choice of where to study can be overwhelming. Here we explain how to choosethe right school and course for you and unravel the application and funding process. "Probably the majorityof people applying to business school are at a point in their careers where they know they wantto shake things up, but they don't know exactly what they want to do with their professional lives," says Stacy Blackman, an MBA admissions consultant based in Los Angeles. "If that's the case with you, look at other criteria: culture, teaching method, location, and then pick a place that’s a good fit for you with a strong general management programme. Super-defined career goals don’t have to be a part of this process.

The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion. Sometimes air moves slowly, giving a gentle breeze. At other times it moves rapidly, creating gales and hurricanes. gentleor fierce, wind always starts in the same way. As the sun moves through the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea and land more than others. The air above these hotspots is warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and begins to rise. Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it is heavier. Winds blow because air squeezed out by sinking, cold air is sucked in under rising, warm air. Winds will blow wherever there is a differencein air temperature and pressure, always flowing from high to low pressure. Some winds blow in one place, and have a local name - North America’s chinook and Frances mistral. Others are part of a huge circulation pattern that sends winds over the entireglobe.

Over the last ten thousand years there seem to have been two separate and conflicting building sentiments throughout the history of towns and cities. Oneis the desire to start again, for a variety of reasons: an earthquake or a tidal wave may have demolished the settlement, or fire destroyed it, or the new city marksa new political beginning. The other can be likened to the effect of a magnet: established settlements attract people, who tendtocome whether or not there is any planning for their arrival. The clash between these two sentiments is evident in every established city unlessits development has been almost completely accidental or is lost in history. Incidentally, many settlements have been planned from the beginning but, for a variety of reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good example is Currowan, on the Clyde River in New South Wales, which wassurveyedin the second half of the 19th century, in expectation that people would come to establish agriculture and a small port. But no one came. Most country towns in New South Wales started with an original survey whose grid lines are still there today in the pattern of the original streets.

Paris is very old—there has been a settlement there for at least 6000 years and its shape has been determined in part by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France’s rulers. But the great boulevards we admire today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent any more barricades beingcreatedby the rebellious population; that work was carried out in the middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been inparta maze of narrow streets and alleyways. But You can imagine that the work was not only highly expensive, but caused great distress among the half a million or so residents whose houses were simplyrazed, and whose neighbourhoods disappeared. What is done cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn down.

Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked “I can't definea robot but I know one when I see one” If you consider all the different machinespeople callrobots, you can see that it's nearly impossible to come up with a comprehensivedefinition. Everybody has a differentidea of what constitutes a robot.

Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society Although it is thought that music played a rolethroughout the history of Egypt, those that studythe Egyptian writings have discovered that music seemedto become more important in what is called the ‘pharaonic’ periodof their history. This was the timewhen the Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established(around 3100 BCE) and music was found in many parts of every day Egyptian life.

With the increase in women 's participationin the labour force, many mothers have less time availableto undertake domestic activities. At the same time, there has been increasing recognitionthat the father 's role and relationshipwith a child is important. A father can have many rolesin the family, ranging from income provider to teacher, carer, playmate and role model. Therefore, balancing paid work and family responsibilities can be an important issue for both fathers and mothers in families.

Most important of all is the fact that for each new ballet-pantomime created at the Paris Opera during the July Monarchy, a new score was produced. The reason for this is simple: these ballet -pantomimes told stories - elaborate ones -and music was considered an indispensable tool in getting them across to the audience. Therefore, music had to be newly created to fit each story Music tailor-made for each new ballet-pantomime, however, was only one weapon in the Opera's explanatory arsenal. Anotherwas the ballet-pantomime libretto, a printed booklet of fifteen to forty pages in length, which was sold in the Operas lobby(like the opera libretto), and which laid out the plot in painstaking detail, scene by scene. Critics also took it upon themselves to recount the plots (of both ballet-pantomimes and operas) in their reviewsof premieres. So did the publishers of souvenir albums, which also featured pictures of famous performersand of scenes from favorite ballet- pantomimes and operas.

Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move asfast as a racing car, over 100 miles an hourWinds can travel around the world. Wind can make you feel cold because you lose heat from your body fasterwhen it is windy Weather forecasters need to knowthe speed and direction of the wind. the strength of wind is measured using the Beaufort scale from wind force when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage houses and buildings and is called hurricane force.

Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational roleis to provide an opportunity for you to discuss interesting and/or difficult aspects of the course. This is founded on the assumptionthat it is only by actively trying to use the knowledge that you have acquired from lectures and texts that you can achieve an adequate understanding of the subject. If you do not understand a point it is highly unlikelythat you will be the only person in the group in that position; you will invariably be undertaking a servicefor the entire group if you come to the seminar equipped with questions on matters which you feel you did not fully understand. The seminar is to provokediscussion .

It is important to emphasizethe need for hard work as an essential part of studying law, because far too many students are tempted to think that they can succeed by relying on what they imagine to be their natural ability, without bothering to add the expenditure of effort. To take an analogy some people prefer the more or less instant gratificationwhich comes from watching television adaptation of a classic novel to the rather more laboriousprocess of reading the novel itself. Those who preferwatching television to reading the book are less likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a tastefor text-based materials.

Leadership is all about being granted permission by others to lead their thinking. It is a bestowed moral authority that gives the right to organise and direct the efforts of others. But moral authority does not come from simply managing people effectively or communicating better or being able to motivate. It comes from many sources, including being authentic and genuine, having integrity, and showing a real and deep understanding of the business in question. All these factorsbuild confidence. Leaders lose moral authority for three reasons: they behave unethically; they become plagued by self-doubt and lose their conviction; or they are blinded by power lose self-awareness and thus lose connectionwith those they lead as the context around them changes. Having said all this, it has to be assumed that if someone becomes a leader, at some point they understood the difference between right and wrong it is up to them to abidebya moral code and up to us to ensure that the moment we suspect they do not, we fire them or vote them out.

The exponential growth of the internet was heralded, in the 1990s, as revolutionizing the production and disseminationof information. Some people saw the internet as a means of democratizingaccess to knowledge. For people concernedwith African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of leapfroggingover the technology gap that separatesAfrica from advanced industrialized countries.

Distance learning can be highly beneficial to a large variety of people from young students wanting to expand their horizons to adults looking for more job security. With programs that allow learners of all ages to take courses for fun, personal advancement and degrees, distance learning can meet the needsof a diverse population. Perhaps one of the most notable and often talked about advantagesof distance learning is the flexibility. The majority of programs allow students to learn when and where it's convenient for them. For thosewho are struggling to balance their distance learning goals with working a fulltime job and taking care of a family this kind of flexibility can allow many people to pursue education who would not otherwise be able to do so. Sincethere are no on-campus courses to attend, students can learn from their own homes, at work on their lunch breaks and from virtually anywhere with internet access. For some it can even be a big source of savings on the fuel costs and time required to commute to classes.

Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the world around them. many of us happily drive a car without understandingwhat goes on under the bonnet. So is it necessary for children to learnhow to program computers? After all, some experts say coding is one of the human skills that will become obsoleteas artificial intelligence grows. Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential skill. Since 2014, the principles of computer programming have featuredon England's curriculum for children from the age of five or six, when they start primary school. While not all children will become programmers, Mark Martin, a computing teacher at Sydenham High School, London, argues that they should learn to understand what makescomputers work and try to solve problems as a computer might.

Interior design is a professionally conducted, practice-based process of planning and realization of interior spaces and the elements within. Interior design is concernedwith the function and operation of the aesthetics and its sustainability. The work of an interior designer draws upon many other disciplines, such as environmental psychology, architecture, product design and, aesthetics, inrelationtoa wide range of building spaces including hotels corporate and public spaces, schools, hospitals, private residences, shopping malls, restaurants, theaters and airport terminals.

The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and responsibility. Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility and culpability, to which the state responds by way of policing, prosecution, adjudication and punishment. This is but one level at which crime and criminal justice can be analysed. The problem is that so often analysis ends there, at the level of individual action, characterisedin terms of responsibility, guilt, evil. In few other areas of social life does individualism have this hold. To take but one instance, it would be absurd to restrict analysis of obesity, to individual greed. It should similarly be widely seen as absurd to restrict analysis of criminal justice issues to the culpability of individuals.

Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of designingforthe least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every browser, we should provide a core set of functionality and information to all users, and then progressivelyenhance the appearance and behaviour of the site for users of more capable browsers. It's very productive development practice Insteadofspendinghours working out how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use the standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to implement it in browsers that don’t. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers wont know what they are missing. The biggest challengeto progressive enhancement is the belief among developers and clients that websites should look the same in every browser. As a developer, you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more interesting challenges if you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive enhancement.

The Classic era of Mayan civilizationcame to an end around 900 AD. Why this happened is unclear; the cities were probably over-farming the land, so that a periodof drought led to famine. Recent geological researchsupports this, as there appears to have been a 200-year drought around this time.

In search of lessons to applyin our own careers, we often try to emulatewhat effective leaders do. Roger Martin says this focus is misplaced, because moves that work in one context may make little sense in another. A more productive, though more difficult, approach is to look at how such leaders think. After extensive interviews with more than 50 of them, the author discovered that most are integrativethinkers -that is, they can hold in their heads two opposing ideas at once and then come up with a new idea that contains elements of eachbut is superior to both. each pron.

A Massey ecologist has teamed up with a leading wildlife photographer to produce the definitive book on New Zealand’s national bird, the kiwi. Kiwi: A Natural History was written by Dr Isabel Castro and featuresphotographs by Rod Morris. Dr Castro has been working with kiwi since1999, with a focus on their behaviour. “I’ve specifically been looking at the sense of smell that kiwi uses when foraging, but alsoin their interactions with their environment and other kiwi,” she says. The book covers all aspects of kiwi, from their evolution, prehistory and closest relatives to their feeding and breeding behaviour and current conservation issues, makingthis the perfect introduction for anyone with an interest in these fascinating birds. The book is the second title in a new serieson New Zealand’s wildlife, targeted at a family readership.

Teens write for a variety of reasons—as part of a school assignment, to geta good grade, to stay in touch with friends, to share their artistic creations with others or simply to put their thoughts to paper (whether virtual or otherwise). In our focus groups, teens said they are motivated to write when they can selecttopics that are relevant to their lives and interests, and report greater enjoyment of school writing when they have the opportunity to write creatively. Having teachers or other adults who challenge them, presentthem with interesting curricula and give them detailed feedback also serves as a motivator for teens. Teens also reportwriting for an audience motivates them to write and write well.

Populations can change through three processes: fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility involvesthe number of children that women have and is to be contrasted with fecundity (a woman's childbearing potential). Mortality is the study of the causes, consequences, and measurement of processes affecting death to members of the population. Demographers most commonly study mortality using the Life Table, a statistical devicethat provides information about the mortality conditions (most notably the life expectancy) in the population. Migration refers to the movement of persons from a locality of origin to a destination place across some predefined, political boundary. Migration researchers do not designate movements 'migrations' unlessthey are somewhat permanent. Thus demographers do not consider tourists and travellers to be migrating. While demographers who study migration typically do so through census data on place of residence, indirect sources of data including tax forms, and labour force surveys are also important. Demography is today widely taught in many universities across the world, attractingstudents with initial training in social sciences, statistics or health studies.

While workers worry about whether robots will take their jobs, teachers are wondering how to use education to insulate the next generation from such a fate. This hasworkedbefore. When the last wave of automation sweptthe developed world at the start of the 20th century, policymakers decided education was the answer. “If machines were going to substitute for brawn”, they reasoned, “more people would need to use their brains”. The US invested heavilyin education, withgood results. Workers reaped the benefits through better jobs and higher wages. Economists Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson summed it up like this: “The industrial revolution started a race betweentechnology and education — and, for most of the 20th century, humans won that race.

Mechanical engineering was at the heart of Taylor’s theorizing, providing the context for its development, the world view by which it was sustained and, finally, the justification for its widespread application. Scientific management aimed to analyse and control the activities of people inthesamewaythatengineers analysed and controlled machines. Central toTaylor’s system was the desire torationalizeand standardize production techniques in the interests of economy, efficiency and mutual prosperity. His primary point of interest was the individual worker pursuingindividual goals and motivated by incentive payments. UndoubtedlyTaylor’s view of human motivation was somewhat simplistic and his apprehension of the significance of groups was limited and generally negative.

Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, people in most parts of the world have similar color preferences. Blue is the most preferred and popular hue, followed in order by red, green, purple, yellow, and orange. Overlaying this basic order of color preference, however, are the responses of individuals, which of course vary widelyand may also be very powerful. Children are likely to have strong preferencesfor some colors and aversions to others, but sometimes will not admit to them, since outside factorsmay be influential in determining both color preferences and the way that they are expressed or suppressed. Current fashions in clothes and accessories, gender-stereotyping, and peer-group pressure may all play a significant part. Boys, in particular, may be reluctant to admit to any strong preferences for colors otherthanthose of favorite football teams, because color awareness may be regarded by their peer group as feminine.

Sixty years after Amelia Earhart vanished mysteriously in the Pacific during her attempt to become the first person to circumnavigate the world along the equator, Linda Finch, a San Antonio businesswoman, accomplished pilot, and aviation historian, recreated and completed her idol's last flight as a tributeto the aviation pioneer's spirit and vision. On March 17, 1997, Ms. Finch and a navigator took off from Oakland International Airport, California, in a restored Lockheed Electra 10E, the same make and model aircraftthat Earhart used on her last journey. The mission to fulfill Amelia Earhart's dream was called “World Flight 1997.” Although Ms. Finch was not the first to attemptEarhart's around-the-world journey, she was the first to do it in a historic airplane. Linda Finch closely followed the same route that Earhart flew, stopping in 18 countries before finishing the trip two and a half months later when she landedback at the Oakland Airport on May 28. Over a million school children and others were able to follow the flight daily through an interactivewebsite as part of a free multimedia educational program called “You Can Soar,” provided by the project's sponsor.

Kathryn Mewes does not meet bohemian, hippy parents in her line of work. Typically one, or both, of the parents she sees work in the City of London. "Professionals seek professionals," she says. Originally a nanny, Mewes is now a parenting consultant, advising couples privately on changing their child's behaviour, aswellasdoing corporate seminars for working parents. Her clients find they are unprepared for the chaos and unpredictability that having a child can entail. "Parents are getting older, they have been in control their wholelives and been successful. Suddenly a baby turns up and life turns on its head." Nicknamed the "Three-Day Nanny" becauseofher pledge to fix behavioural problems in children under the age of 12 within three days, she is filming a new Channel 4 television series demonstrating her techniques. The roleof the parenting consultant - distinct from that of a nanny - has developed, she says, as people are used to buying in expertise, such as personal trainers or, in her case, parenting advice.

Even after thousands of years exploring Earth, we're still uncovering new things like an ancient 'superhighway' in the Guatemalan rain forest. Hidden beneath a thick layer of vegetation, the networkof roads stretches over 150 miles and was most likely built by the Mayan empire some 2,000 years ago. The newly mapped roads are connected to the ruins of El Mirador (sometimes called the Kan Kingdom) in northern Guatemala. Archaeologists believe El Mirador wasfoundedaround the 6th century BCE, and was at its most powerful around the early first century CE. At that time, it had a population of as many as a quarter of a million, a quarter the size of Rome itself at the time. It also has some of the largest pyramids in the world. It was the heartof the Mayan civilization, and naturally needed some major roadways. The roads of El Mirador have been known about since 1967, but scientists had no idea how extensive they were until now. The thick jungle obscured the remnants of the road, makingit difficult to see from the air.

Green spaces contribute significantly to a reductionin soil and aerial temperatures during spells of hot weather, so contributing to human wellbeing. In the garden context, there is, however, little information as to what extent various types of plants differin their cooling potential and how certain planting combinations may maximize cooling under a scenario of lowrainfall and minimal water inputs.

Affordable early years education and childcare potentially enables parents, particularly mothers, to be in paid employment. International studies havefoundthat countries with greater enrolment rates in publicly funded or provided childcare also have higher maternal employment rates, although untangling causal relationships is complex. From the point of view of the household, additional income, especially for the less well-off, is itself associated with better outcomes for children, as child poverty hasbeenshownto be a key independent determinant of children’s outcomes. From the point of view of the public purse, as mothers enteremployment they are likely to claim fewer benefits and to generate extra revenues throughincome tax and national insurance contributions.

The teaching of languages could be revolutionised following ground-breaking research by Victoria University, New Zealand, PhD graduate Paul Sulzberger. Dr Sulzberger has found that the best way to learn a language is through frequent exposure to its sound patterns--even if you haven't a cluewhat it all means. "However crazy it might sound, just listening to the language, eventhoughyou don't understand it, is critical. A lot of language teachers may not accept that," he says. "Our ability to learn new words is directly related to how often we have been exposed to the particular combinations of the sounds which makeupthe words. If you want to learn Spanish, for example, frequently listening to a Spanish language radio station on the internet will dramatically boostyour ability to pick up the language and learn new words." Dr Sulzberger's research challenges existing language learning theory. His main hypothesis is that simply listening to a new language sets up the structures in the brain requiredto learn the words.

We now know through the work of neuroscientists that the human brain is wired to mimic other people, and this mimicry involves actual involuntary physiological experiencein the observer. Human beings tend to imitateactions that they see. Physiologically, our brains include mirror neurons, which reactto actions that are seen as if we are doing the action ourselves. It is largely an unconscious and automatic experience. When we hear people speak, observe their vocal nuances, watch their posture, gestures, and facial expressions, etc, neural networks in our brains are stimulated by the “shared representations” generating feelings within us that reflectthe experience of those we are observing.

People in parts of western Africa and southwestern Asia were the first to realize that the dark-silvery rocks poking out of the earth could be worked into tools and weapons, sometime around 1500 B.C., evidence shows. The metal was probably discovered there byaccident when some ore was dropped into a fire and cooled into wrought iron, historians think. The eureka moment didn't reach Europe for another500 years, traveling slowly north and west through Greece, Italy, central Europe and finally to the British Isles withthe spread of the famous Celtic tribes. The Celts diffused iron technology over much of the continent through warfare, where their victory was assured due to the strength of iron weapons. Perhaps not the most peaceful of cultural exchanges, but where the technology did travel, it caught on fast. Iron madelife a lot easier in those days, when just living to the age of 45 was a feat. By that time, much of Europe had settledinto small village life, toiling the soil with bronze and stone tools.

Cultural studies is a new way of engaging in the study of culture. In the past many academic subjects – including anthropology, history, literary studies, human geography and sociology – have brought their own disciplinary concerns to the study of culture. However, in recent decades there has been a renewed interest in the study of culture that has crossed disciplinary boundaries. The resultingactivity, cultural studies, has emerged as an intriguing and exciting area of intellectual inquiry that has already shed important new light on the character of human cultures and that promisesto continue to do so. While there is little doubt that cultural studies is coming to bewidelyrecognisedas an important and distinctive field of study, it does seem to encompass a potentially enormous area. This is because the term ‘culture’ has a complex history and range of usages, which have provided a legitimate focus of inquiry for several academic disciplines.

Overthe past two decades, around a third of the world's mangrove swamps have been convertedfor human use, with many turned into valuable shrimp farms. In 2007 an economic study of such shrimp farms in Thailand showed that the commercial profits per hectare were $9,632. If that were the only factor, conversion would seem an excellent idea. However, proper accountingshows that for each hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this figure and there were costs, too: $1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These compriseddamage to the supply of foods and medicines that people had taken from the forest, the loss of habitats for fish, and less buffering against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays productivefor three or four years, there was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards.

First, the scientific community that studies climate change is quietly panic-stricken, because things are moving much faster than they expected. Greenhouse gas emissions are going up faster than predictedboth from industrialising countries in Asia and from melting permafrost in Siberia and Canada. The Arctic Sea ice is melting so fast that the whole ocean may be ice-free in late summer in five years' time. Most climate scientists now see last year's report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, whose forecasts are used by most governments for planning purposes, as a purelyhistorical document. Second, the biggest early impact of global warming will be on the food supply, both locally and globally. When the global average temperature hits one and a half degrees hotter - and it will, the carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere commitsus to that much warming - some countries will no longer be able to feed their people. Others, further from the equator, will still have enough food for themselves, but none to spare. ，，。 。， ，。， 。 ，。1.

The speed of sound (otherwise known as Mach 1) varies with temperature. At sea level on a “standard day,” the temperature is 59°F, and Mach 1 is approximately 761 mph. As the altitude increases, the temperature and speed of sound bothdecrease until about 36,000 feet, after which the temperature remainssteady until about 60,000 feet. Within that 36,000–60,000 foot range, Mach 1 is about 661 mph. Because of the variation, it is possible for an airplane flying supersonic at high altitude to be slower than a subsonic flight at sea level. The transonic band (the “sound barrier”) extends fromaround Mach .8—when the first supersonic shock waves formonthe wing—to Mach 1.2, when the entire wing has gone supersonic. （1）。“”，59°F，1761/。 ，，36,000，，60,000。36,000–60,000 ，1661/。， 。（“”）0.8（）1.

Decision making is central to the management of an enterprise. The manager of a profit making business has to decide on the manner of implementation of the objectives of the business, at least one of which may wellrelate to allocating resources so as to maximize profit. A non-profit-making enterprise (such as a department of central or local government) will be making decisions on resource allocation so as to be economical, efficient and effective in itsuseoffinance. All organizations, whether in the private sector or the public sector, takedecisions which have financial implications. Decisions will be about resources, which may be people, products, services or long-term and short-term investment. Decisions will also be about activities, including whether and how to undertakethem. Most decisions will at some stage involve consideration of financial matters, particularlycost.

Uniquely stable, they seemedto participate in no chemical reactions. But by understanding the stability of the noble gases, physicists discovered the key to chemical bonding itself. Dmitri Mendeleev added the noble gases to his periodic table in 1902, where he arranged the elements in rows and columns accordingto their atomic weight. Mendeleev was able to see repeating orperiodicpatterns in their properties. The noble gases appeared regularlyin the periodic table, occurring in every eighth position, at least amongst the lighter elements.

In these distant times the sun was seen to make its daily journeyacross the sky. At night the moon appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a few nights it did not appear at all. At night the great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light. They becameknown as the stars. It was thought that every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the secretsof the universe could be discovered by making a study of them. It was well known that there were wandering stars, they appeared in different nightly positions against their neighbours and they became known as planets. It took centuries, in fact it took millennia, for man to determinethe true nature of these wandering stars and to evolve a model of the world to accommodate them and to predicttheir positions in the sky.

Research has suggested that major stressors in our lives are life changes, for example, moving house, marriage or relationship breakdown. Work-related factors, includingunemployment and boredom, are also common causesof stress. Differences in personality may also playa part.

Over the past two decades around a third of the world’s mangrove swamps have been convertedfor human use, with many turned into valuable shrimp farms. In 2007 an economic study of such shrimp farms in Thailand showed that the commercial profits per hectare were $9,632. If that were the only factor, conversion would seem an excellent idea. However, proper accountingshows that for each hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this figure and there were costs, too: $1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These compriseddamage to the supply of foods and medicines that people had taken from the forest, the loss of habitats for fish, and less buffering against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays productivefor three or four years, there was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards: if you do so with mangroves themselves, add another $9,318 per hectare. The overall lesson is that what looks beneficialonly does so because the profits are retained by the private sector, while the problems are spread out across society at large, appearing on no specific balance sheet.

The logic of the scientific method was set out by John Stuart Mill in 1843 and was namedthe method of difference. A simple example of what he meantby this is to take two glasses of water which are identical in every respect. Introduce a few drops of ink into one of these glasses. The water changes colour! Accordingto Mills method of difference it is safe to assumethat the change in the colour of the water is due to the introductionof a new factor - the independent variable -in this case, the ink.

Dance has played an important role in many musicals. In some cases, dance numbers are included as an excuse to add to the color and spectacle of the show, but dance is more effective when it forms an integral part of the plot. An early example is Richard Rodgers On Your Toes (1936) in which the story about classical ballet meeting the world of jazz enabled dance to be introduced in a way that enhances, rather than interrupts the drama.

There has been a great variety of critical approach to Shakespeare's work since his death. During the 17th and18th centuries, Shakespeare was both admired and condemned. Since then, much of the adverse criticism hasnotbeenconsidered relevant, although certain issues have continued to interest critics throughout the years. For instance, charges against his moral propriety were made by Samuel Johnson in the 18th century and by George Bernard Shaw in the 20th. Early criticism was directed primarilyat questions of form. Shakespeare was criticized for mixing comedy and tragedy and failing to observe the unities of time and place prescribedby the rules of classical drama. Dryden and Johnson were among the critics claiming that he had corruptedthe language with false wit, puns, and ambiguity. Whilesome of his early plays might justly be charged with a frivolous use of such devices, 20th-century criticism has tended to praise their use in later plays as adding depth and resonance of meaning.

What killed off the dinosaurs? The end of the Cretaceous Period saw one of the most dramatic mass extinctions the Earth has ever seen. The fossil record shows that throughout their 160-million-year existence, dinosaurs took on a huge variety of forms as the environment changed and new species evolved that were suited to these new conditions. Others that failed to adapt wentextinct. But then 66 million years ago, over a relatively short time, dinosaurs disappeared completely(except for birds). Many other animals also died out, including pterosaurs, large marine reptiles, and other sea creatures such as ammonites. Althoughthe number of dinosaur species was already declining, this suggests a sudden catastrophic event sealed their fate, causing unfavorable changes to the environment more quickly than dinosaurs and other creatures could adapt. The exact nature of this catastrophic event is still opento scientific debate. The catastrophe could have been an asteroid impact, volcanic eruptions or the effect of both, together with more gradualchanges in the Earth's climate over millions of years. Whatever the causes, the huge extinction that ended the age of the dinosaur left gaps in the ecosystem that were subsequently filled by mammals and birds, allowing them to evolve rapidly. ？。， 1.

Many people today think of culture in the way that it was thought of in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries. This conceptof culture reflected inequalities within European societies and their colonies around the world. This understanding of culture equates culture with civilization and contrasts both with nature or non- civilization. According to this understanding of culture, some countries are more civilized than others, and some people are more cultured than others. Anything that doesn’t fitinto this category is labeled as chaos or anarchy. From this perspective, culture is closely tied to cultivation, which is the progressive refinement of human behavior.In practice, culture referred to elite goods and activities such as haute cuisine, high fashion or haute couture, museum-caliber art and classical music. The word cultured referred to people who knew about and took part in these activities. For example, someone who used culture in this sense might arguethat classical music is more refined than music by working-class people, such as jazz or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples.

Early humans were hunter-gatherers, roaming from place to place, but their movements were controlled by the need for water. When humans startedto grow food, establishing permanent settlements, water was needed for crops and animals as well as for people, sosettlements have always grown up near reliable sources of water. Most major towns lie on the banks of rivers, or, where there are no streams or rivers, settlements exist where underground water can be reached by digging wells. The management of water resources has a longhistory. The oldest known dam in the world was constructed in Egypt about 5000 years ago, and was used for storing drinking and irrigation water. Farmers in Arabia at this time used the craters of extinct volcanoes as storage tanks for irrigation water and dug deep wells for their drinking water. Excavated ruins in India of similar antiquity retain the remains of water supply and drainage systems, whichincluded baths and swimming pools.

The wrist watch works by trackinginformation such as a person's pulse or movement. When it detectsa change in a person's health, the watch sends information to a touchscreen hub locatedin the home. The hub then alertspre-determined contacts and calls for help immediately.

In the UK, it is recommended that drivers should turn off their car engines when they expect to be stationary for more than 1 minute. To encourage drivers to turn off their engineswhile waiting at rail crossings, the Kent city council placed a permanent sign at the crossing asking drivers to "please switch off your engine when barriers are down to help improve air quality." Onaverage, drivers had to wait between 2 and 3 minutes to cross after the barrier had gone down. However, the sign didn't seem to be convincing themajorityofdrivers to switch off their engines. "Although some research suggests that signs alone can change behaviour, the message on this sign was designed simply to be an informational request and was not guided by any particular behavioural theory," the researchers explain. So the researchteam, led by Rose Mellady of the University of East Anglia, designed an intervention study.

Giant exoplanets, like the so-called 'hot Jupiters' that are similar in characteristicsto the solar system's biggest planetand orbit very close to their host stars, are excellent targets for astronomersin their search for their extrasolar worlds. The size and proximity of these planets is easy to detectas they create a large decrease in brightness when passing in front of their parent stars.

Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo’s Skytree, one of the world’s monster skyscrapers, is 40 metres long and immensely detailed. But howevermassive this form of digital art becomes -and it's a form subjecttorampant inflation--Inoko's theories about seeing are based on more modest and often pre-digital sources. An early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no surprises there), then computer games, he recognised when he started to look at traditional Japanese art that all those forms had something incommon: something about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko had been taught that photographic lenses, alongwiththe conventions of western art, were the logical way of transforming three dimensions into two, conveying the real world onto a flat surface. ButJapanese traditions employed “a different spatial logic”,as he said in an interview last year with j-collabo.org, that is “uniquely Japanese”. Lab40，。，—— ——Inoko，。 （），，， ：。，Inoko， 、。，“ ”，j-collabo.

Thanks to their ability to hijackour most primal desires for connection, distraction and validation, smartphones have become some of the bestselling devices of all time. Apple have sold more than a billion iPhones since its launch in 2007. By one estimate, we spend an average of almost five hours a day staringat their little screens. The real figure is probably higher: a team of British psychologists found that people tend to underestimate the time spent on their phones by about half, whole hours just evaporatingin the fog.

At times, a board stream of knowledge flowed from China to Japan. At other times, this transfer was haltedon one side or the other, and Japan developedon its own. But whether in isolation or not, Japan was always itself. Everything that arrivedfrom China was adaptedto suit Japanese tastes and needs.

Emerging in the mid 1950s in Britain and late 1950s in America, pop art reached its peak in the 1960s. It began as a revolt againstthe dominant approaches to art and culture and traditional views on what art shouldbe. Young artists felt that what they were taught at art school and what they saw in museums did not have anything todowiththeir lives or the things they saw around them every day. Instead they turnedtosources such as Hollywood movies, advertising, product packaging, pop music and comic books for their imagery.

Climate is the word we usefor weather over a long period of time. The desert has a dry climate because there is very little rain. The UK hasa ‘temperate climate’, whichmeans winters are, overall, mild and, summersgenerally, don’t get too hot.

The Dag Hammarskjold Library at UnitedNationsHeadquarters in New York is a library designated to facilitate the work of the United Nations and focuses mainly on the needs of the UN Secretariat and diplomatic missions. Anyone with a valid United Nations Headquarters grounds pass, including specialized agencies, accredited media and NGO staff, is able to visit the library. Due to securityconstraints in place at the United Nations Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general public.

London's National Portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the fifty-year careerof photographer Sandra Lousada. The twenty one portraits on displaydepict key figuresin literature, film and fashion from the early 1960s. Subsequentto the acquisition of forty portraits by Lousada, the display at the National Portrait Gallery highlights shots taken between 1960 and 1964, many of which featurein Lousada's book Public Faces Private Places(2008). Formal commissioned portraits are shown alongside behind-the-scenes photographs taken on film setsand unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home.

The amount of sleep you need depends on many factors, especially your age. Newborns sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day and preschool children should sleep between 10 and 12 hours. Older children and teens need at least nine hours to be well-rested. For most adults, seven to eight hours a night appears to the best amount of sleep. However, for some people" enough sleep" may be as few as five hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep. As you get older, your sleeping patternschange. Older adults tend to sleep more lightly and awaken more frequently in the night than younger adults. This can have many causes including medical conditions and medications used to treat them. But there’s no evidence that older adults need less sleep than younger adults. Getting enough sleep is importantto your health because it boosts your immunesystem, which makes your body better able to fight disease. Sleep is necessary for your nervous system to work properly. Too little sleep makes you drowsy and unable to concentrate. It also impairs memory and physical performance. So how many hours of sleep are enough for You? Experts say that if you feel drowsy during the day — even during boring activities - you are not getting enough sleep. Also, the quality of sleep is just as important as quantity. People whose sleep is frequently interrupted or cut short are not getting quality sleep. If you experience frequent daytime sleepiness, even after increasing the amount of quality sleep you get, talk to your doctor. He or she may be able to identifythe cause of sleep problems and offer advice on how to get a better night’s sleep.

Victorians were avid readers. Just as we bury our faces in our mobile devices on the morning commute, sotoodid Victorians with the latest penny fiction. Towards the latter half of the 19th century, gas and electric lighting also meantthatreading after dark didn’t have to be by candlelight or messy oil lamps. Perhaps the best know serialized novels were the "Penny Dreadfuls". Costingjust one old penny, they focused on the exploits of detectives, criminals, or supernatural entities. The price of new books-often only available as a set of three-was out of reach for most working-class people, so they borrowed from circulating libraries suchasMudie's (founded 1842), which dispatched books all over Britain for a modest subscription fee. For the wealthier classes who couldaffordfirst editions, reading from their own collection would be an everyday occurrence.

The transitions which occurred in Britain around 100 BC, and after 43 AD (when the Roman Army invadedBritain) represent the key points of socio-economic trend in Britain's past. During the first century BC, the traditional communal form of life shiftedrapidly to a world where certain individuals becamemore important. During the first century AD, Britain became fully a part of the Roman Empire.

The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their most effectiverecruitment tool, particularly because it typically yields candidates who are similar to previously successful candidates. Moreover, satisfied candidates and school systems are likely to spreadthe word without any special efforton the part of their program. Other, less personal advertising approaches, such as radio and television spots and local newspaper advertisements, have also proven fruitful, especiallyfor newer programs. New York uses a print advertising campaign to inspire dissatisfied professionals to become teachers. Subway posters send provocative messagesto burned-out or disillusioned professionals. "Tired of diminishing returns? Invest in NYC kids" was just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired invitations. News coverage has also proven to be a boonto alternative programs. When the New York Times, for example, ran a story about the district’s alternative route program, 2,100 applications flooded in over the next six weeks.

Why does the smell of cut grass remind you of summer? How can you measure your nerve endings with a paper fastener? And how can you create the sound of church bells with just a serving spoon and a piece of string ...? These fascinatingquestions and more will be revealed by University of Manchester scientists when they take to the road on their 'Brain Bus'. The bus is taking hands on activitiesto test the senses to the suburbs, to show young and old alike how the brain works and how science can answer some of life's most captivating questions. Organiser Dr Stuart Allan, lecturer at the Faculty of Life Sciences, explains: "Three-year-olds and upwards can understand the senses and it's an area that is intriguingto all ages. "It takes effort to get out of bed on a Saturday morning and go to the Museum. We are bringing science to your doorstep and going further afield this year in the hope of finding new and different audiences. "We want people to see that science is interesting as well as important in our lives, and to encouragepeople who may not consider it possible to go to University.

Life in the UK 2012 provides a unique overview of well-being in the UK today. The report is the first snapshot of lifein the UK to be delivered by the Measuring National Well-being program and will be updatedand published annually. Well-being is discussed in terms of the economy, people and the environment. Information such as the unemployment rate or numberof crimes against the person is presented alongside dataon people's thoughts and feelings, for example, satisfaction with our jobs or leisuretime and fear of crime. Together, a richer picture on 'how society is doing' is provided.

New B.C. residents will only be required to provide their driver license history — proof of insurance is no longer required. However, their premiums will be adjusted for the first three years ofdriving in B.C. duetothe increased risks associated with driving in a new area. Each year you remain crash-free, your discount increases. ICBC willcredityou with up to 15 years of driving experience (up from eight years) upon receipt of a driver's abstract showingthe original date that you received your license. When obtaining your B.C. license, you can provide your original driver's abstract in person at a driver licensing office.

My name is Tonia. My roommate and I are looking for a nice apartment near my college’s campus. We are very quiet and study a lot. I study history, and my roommate studies French. We are very interested inrenting your apartment. We can paythe rent on time because we do a part-time work, too. Some of our friends live in the same building and have recommended your place to us. They mentioned that you are a kind and responsible landlord, and we hope to havethe same positive experience. I would like to makean appointment to view the apartment in person. Our application form is ready, and we are prepared to proceed with the process quickly. We look forwardto hearing from you soon.

He spent a painfulnight, struggling with his health. It was difficultfor him to continue with his duties as usual. Despite his determination and eagerness to teach, he was not permitted to attendclass due to his health condition. He was happyto attend and fulfill his responsibilities, but his illness prevented him from doing so.

The Durham University Sailing Boat Club was foundeddecades ago and hasgrownsteadily over the years. Today, it is a thriving club, with many students actively enjoyingsailing as both a sport and a social activity.

Of course, for as long as there have been objects they have been designed. Yet design only emergedas a dedicated discipline in the 19th century and its literature and theory is still very much in its infancy. It is curious that despite the increasingly prominent role that self-consciously designed commodities play in our everyday lives and in the way we define ourselves, the literature around the subject is hugely disappointing. In fact, beyond bland coffee-table books, it is barely there at all. Nikolaus Pevsner's Pioneers of Modern Design, a classic Hegelian text treating modernism as the inevitable outcomeof a historical process is, despite being first published in 1936 and hopelessly dated, still the key text. There have been otherbooks, from quirky Bruno Munari (Design as Art) to deadpan Norman Potter (What is a Designer: Things, Places, Messages), and Deyan Sudjic's 2008 The Language of Things, whichattempted a broader examination. Nevertheless there is surprisingly little critique, an almost complete absence of theory and little genuinely popular, compelling writing on the subject.

Beingableto give a good and clear presentation to a public audience is a skill that you and your future employer will value greatly. Prospectiveemployers invariably ask for your experience in using these key skills during interviews. You need to be able to articulatewhat makes a good and poor presentation and offer evidence for your knowledge. So, when you are asked to give a talk or produce a poster as part of your studies, recognize the importance of developing the skills of delivery as well as conveying the content. Posters and oral presentations are forms of presentation that enable you to develop your confidence in different ways. Posters check your ability to present information succinctly, and present it in an attractive and message-focused way, while oral presentations allow for more information and a more in-depth delivery. In both modes you will probably find yourself taking questions and explaining your ideas.

The lute, a plucked string instrument, playeda central role in European music from the late Middle Ages through the Baroque period. Its pear-shaped body and fretted neck madeit a versatile instrument for both solo and ensemble performances. Unlike the modern guitar, the lute typically has paired strings, which producea richer, more resonant tone. During the Renaissance, the lute was highly valued by both professional musicians and amateur players. Its popularity gradually declined in the 18th century, as keyboard instruments became more fashionable. Nevertheless, the lute remains an important subject of study for those interested in early music performance practices, and it isfrequently used in historically informed concerts today.

Pop art was a cultural movementthat began in the mid-20th century, turningto everyday life as a source of inspiration. American artists often used familiarsubjects from their surroundings, such as beer bottles, clothing, comic strips, and advertisements, to create bold and striking artworks. In the United Kingdom, however, pop art drew heavily from imageryfound in magazines, aswellasarchives and mass media culture. Together, these approaches made pop art one of the most accessible and influential movements in modern art.

Portraiture played an important role in the Elizabethan era. Queen Elizabeth's portraits conveyed the regal image of a powerful monarch—the steadfast, ageless force behindEngland. Owning paintings of the Queen was viewed as a status symbol. Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, displayed over 50 paintings at his Castle in Kenilworth, Warwickshire—a bold reminder toguests that he was the man closest to the Queen. Although Elizabethan artists drew inspiration from the European Renaissance, itwas Elizabeth herself who was the national preoccupation. Invoking her image in paintings and literature had the effect of elevating them to a higher level. Today, we like to think of art as an expression of feelings and beliefs. But in Elizabethan England, flattery was the order of the day—a time when most artists needed wealthy sponsors tosurvive. behindprep....｜to prep. ｜it pron.

For our purposes the words 'invention' and 'innovation' can be used interchangeably. More specifically, however, the term 'invention' refers to the discovery of new products or processes, while 'innovation' refers to the commercialization (bringing to the market) of new products or processes. Furthermore, we can distinguish between product innovations and process innovations. Product innovations result inthe production of a new product, such as the change from a three-wheel car to a four-wheel car, or the change from LP records to CDs. Process innovations increase the efficiencyof the methods of production of existing products, for example the invention of the assembly-line technique. The inventions and innovations that form industrial revolutions are those that open new doors and create new ways of doing things, not simply those that fill gaps in existing ways of doing things (Mokyr, 1997). The core of the First Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century was a succession of technological changes that brought about material advances in three basic areas: (1) the substitution of mechanical devices (such as machines) for human labour; (2) the substitution of inanimate sources of power (such as steam) for animate sources of power (such as horse power); and (3) the substitution of mineral raw materials for vegetable or animal substances, and in general the use of new and more abundant raw materials. specificallyadv.｜ Furthermore adv. ｜ result in ｜ efficiency n.

The main purpose of fieldwork is to offerstudents a chance to applywhat they have learned in the classroom to real-life situations. By doing so, they gain experience that cannot be obtainedfrom books alone. offerv.｜apply v. ｜obtained v.

There were twenty-six freshmen majoringin English at Beijing Language Institute in the class of 1983. I was assigned to Group Two with another eleven boys and girls who had comefrom big cities in China. I was toldthat language study required smallness so that we would each get more attention from the skillful teachers. The better the school, the smaller the class. I realized that my classmates were ready all talkingin English, simple sentences tossed out to each other in their red-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their intonations were curving and dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I stretched to catch the drips and drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn’t understandit all, only that it was English. Those words now flying before me sounded a little familiar. I had read them and tried to speak them, but I had never heard them spokenback to me in such a speedy, fluent manner. My big plan of beatingthe city folks was thawing before my eyes.

Both farms were by far the largest, most prosperous, most technologically advanced farms in their respectivedistricts. In particular, each was centred around a magnificent state-of-the-art barn for shelteringand milking cows. Those structures, both neatly dividedinto oppositefacing rows of cow stalls, dwarfed all other barns in the district. Both farms let their cows grazeoutdoors in lush pastures during the summer, produced their own hay to harvest in the late summer for feeding the cows through the winter, and increasedtheir production of summer fodder and winter hay by irrigating their fields.

The increasing darkness in the Northern Hemisphere this time of year "indicates to the plant that autumnis coming on. So it starts recouping materials from the leavesbefore they drop off. Evergreens protect their needle-like foliage from freezing with waxycoatings and natural "antifreezes." But broadleaf plants, like sugar maples, birches, and sumacs, have no such protections. As a result, they shedtheir leaves. But before they do, the plants first try to salvageimportant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.

For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figurewith regards to personal history. There are just two primary sourcesfor information on the Bard: his works, and variouslegal and churchdocuments that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gapsin this body of information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.

Currently, there is concern about the increasing amount of time children spend engagedin sedentary activities, the number of children who fail to achieve minimumdaily physical activity guidelines (i.e. 60 min of moderate- to-vigorous intensity activities every day), and the apparent increase in obesity prevalence as a result of such sedentary behavior. Screen-based activities, including television, viewing and playing computer games are among the most frequently observed sedentary activities that children partake3 with children spending 2.5-4 h per day participating in such activities. The introduction of “active video games” (AVGs) into the gaming market presents an opportunity to convert traditional, sedentary screen-time in to active screen-time and thus increase total daily energy expenditure (EE). Modern AVGs utilize cameras and motion sensors to allow the gamer to physically perform a variety of actions, dependenton the console, such as swinging a tennis racquet or running. The most demanding AVGs provided similar responses to walking and, based on international standards, should be classified as low-intensity activities. Whilst AVGs may provide children with a better alternative to sedentary gaming, they are not a sufficient replacementfor normal physical activity, e.g. sports and outdoor play. ，，，（60 ），。， ，，2.

Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary time and efforton the part of the sales representatives - especially when compared with managerial, manufacturing, and service jobs. Most sales representatives work independently and outside the immediate presence of their sales managers. Therefore, some form of goals needs to be in place tomotivateandguidetheir performance. Sales personnel are not the only professionals with performance goals or quotas. Health care professionals operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and monthly goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are assigned a number of service calls they mustperformduring a set time period. Production workers in manufacturing have output goals. So, why are achieving sales goals or quotas such a big deal? The answer to this question can be found by examining how a firm's other departments are affected by how well the company's salespeople achieve their performance goals. The success of the business hingesonthe successful sales of its products and services. Consider all the planning, the financial, production and marketing efforts that go into producingwhatthe sales force sells. Everyone depends on the sales force to sell the company's products and services and they eagerly anticipate knowing things are going.

People move to a new region for many different reasons. The motivationfor moving can come from a combination of what researchers sometimes call 'push and pull factors' – those that encourage people to leave a region, and those that attract people to a region. Some of the factors that motivate people to move includeseeking a better climate, finding more affordable housing, looking for work or retiring from work, leaving the congestionof city living, wanting a more pleasant environment, and wanting to be near to family and friends. In reality, many complex factorsand personal reasons may interactto motivate a person or family to move.

Private schools in the UK are redoubling their marketing efforts to foreigners. Almost a third of the 68,000 boarding pupils at such schools alreadycome from overseas. But now, with many UK residents unwillingor unable to afford the fee - top boarding schools edgingtowards £30,000 ($49,759) a year - and a cultural shiftaway from boarding, many schools are looking abroad to survive. Overseas students now accountfor about ... 。68000，。， （3，4.

A sustainable transportation system is one in which people needs and desires for access to jobs, commerce, recreation, culture and home are accommodated using a minimum of resources. Applying principlesof sustainability to transportation will reduce pollution generated by gasoline-powered engines, noise, traffic congestion, land devaluation, urban sprawl, economic segregation, and injury to drivers, pedestrians and cyclists. In addition, the costs of commuting, shipping, housing and goods will be reduced. Ultimately in a sustainable San Francisco, almost all trips to and withinthe City will be on public transit, foot or bicycle-as will a good part of trips to the larger Bay Region. Walking through streets designed for pedestrians and bicycles will be more pleasant than walking through those designed for the automobile. Street-front retail and commercial establishments will prosperfrom the large volumeof foot traffic drawn to an environment enhanced by trees, appropriately designed “street furniture,” (street lights, bicycle racks, benches, and the like) and other people. Rents and property costs will be lowered as land for off-street parking is no longerrequired or needed.

The Nature Conservation Amendment Act of 1996 enables the Minister of Environment and Tourism to register a conservancy if it has a representativecommittee, a legal constitution, which provides for the sustainable management and utilisation of game in the conservancy, the ability to managethe funds, an approved method for the equitabledistribution of benefits to members of the community and defined boundaries.

Of the more than 1,000 bat species worldwide, 22 are nativeto North America. And while there are no pollinator bats in our area, gardeners should championthose that do live here, because they’re insectivorous. These bats consumemoths, beetles and mosquitoes, and can eat up to 500 mosquito-sized insects per hour. They also protect gardens and crops from such pestsas cucumber beetles, cutworms and leafhoppers.

Recently, research into embryonic development has given us an even better insight into how major structural changes might occur in a given population of organisms. We now understand that there are two major types of genes: developmental and “housekeeping” genes. Developmental genes are those that are expressed during embryonic development, and their proteins controlthe symmetry, skeletal development, organ placement, and overall form of the developing animal. Incontrast, “housekeeping” genes are expressed during the animal's daily life to generate proteins which keep the cells, tissues, and organs in the body functioning properly. as you might suspect, mutations in developmental genes can have radical consequences for body form and function, whereas mutations in “housekeeping” genes tend to affectthe health and reproductive success of the post- embryonic animal.

Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day you get times when you just don't care any longer? I don't mean the lessons you don't like, but the ones you usually find OK, but on some occasions, you just can't be botheredwith it. You mayhave other things on your mind, be tired, restless or looking forward to what comes next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn't get 100 percent effortfrom you. The same is true of revision. Your mental and physical attitudeis important. If you try to revise when you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision will be inefficient and just about worthless. If you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will be so much easier, and you will learn more, faster. However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit of revision when you feel like it, you probably won’t do much revision! You need a revision timetable, so you don't keep puttingitoff.

To learn the speech of alchemy, an early form of chemistry in which people attempted to turn metals into gold, it helps to think back to a time when there was no science: no atomic number or weight, no periodic chart, no list of elements. to the alchemists the universewas not made of leptons, bosons, gluons, and quarks. Instead it was made of substances, and one substance-say, walnut oil-could be just as pureas another-say, silver-even though modern scientistswould say one is heterogeneous and the other homogeneous.

A new interdisciplinary centre for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest subatomic particle to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at The University of Texas at Austin. The Texas Cosmology Centre will be a way for the university's departments of Astronomy and Physics to collaborateon research that concerns them both “This centre will bring the two departments together in an area where they overlap--in the physics of the very early universe,” said Dr. Neal Evans, Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical observations have revealedthe presence of dark matter and dark energy, discoveriesthat challenge our knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's leading theories in physics involveenergies so high that no Earth-bound particle accelerator can test them. They need the universe as their laboratorySteven Weinberg, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the university, called the Centre's advent”(movement)a very exciting development “for that department.

The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt an exaggeration, this aphorism nevertheless has an elementof truth. A state's relation with its neighbours, at least in the formativeyears, are greatly influencedby its frontier policy, especially when there are no settledborders. Empire builders in the past sought to extend imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons; subjugation of kings and princes to gain their allegiance(as well as handsome tributes or the coffers of the state), and, security of the 'core' of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer states in areas adjoiningthe frontiers. The history of British empire in India was no different. It is important to note in this connection that the concept of international boundaries (between two sovereign states), demarcated and delineated, was yet to emerge in India under Mughal rule.

Snails are not traditionally known for quick thinking, but new research shows they can make complex decisions using just two brain cells in findingsthat could help engineers design more efficient robots. Scientists at the University of Sussex attached electrodes to the headsof freshwater snails as they searched for lettuce. They found that just one cell was used by the mollusc to tell if it was hungryor not, while another let it know when food was present. Foodsearching is an example of goal-directed behaviour, during which an animal must integrate information about both its external environment and internal state while using as little energy as possible. Lead researcher Professor George Kemenes, sai “This will eventually help us design the” brain “of robots based on the principle of using the fewest possible components necessary to perform complex tasks.” What goes on in our brains when we make complex behavioural decisions and carry them out is poorly understood.”Our study reveals for the first time how just two neurons can create a mechanism in an animal's brain which drives and optimises complex decision-making tasks.

History is selective. What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what historians haveselected. They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly be made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school history lessons. So, forexample, when a national school curriculum for England and Wales was first discussed at the end of the 1980s, the history curriculum was the subject of considerable public and media interest. Politicians argued about it; people wrote letters to the press about it; the Prime Minister of the time, Margaret Thatcher, intervenedin the debate. Let us think first about the question of content. There were two main camps on this issue – those who thought the history of Britain should take pride of place, and those who favored what was referred to as 'world history'.

Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as Johnson said, is of two kinds, you may know a thing yourself, and you may know where to find it. Now the amount which you may actually know yourself must, at its best, be limited, but what you may know of the sourcesof information may, with proper training, become almost boundless. And here come the valueand use of reference books—the working of one book in connexion with another—and applying your own intelligenceto both. By this means we get as near to that omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall get, and although the single volume or work which tells everything does not exist, there is a vast number of reference books in existence, a knowledge and proper use of which is essential to every intelligent person. Necessary as I believe reference books to be, they can easily be made to be contributoryto idleness, and too mechanical a use should not be made of them.

DNA is a molecule that does two things. First, it acts as the hereditarymaterial, which is passed down from generation to generation. Second, it directs, to a considerable extent, the construction of our bodies, telling our cells what kinds of molecules to make and guidingour development from a single-celled zygote to a fully formed adult. These two things are of course connected. The DNA sequences that construct the best bodies are more likely to get passed down to the next generation because well-constructed bodies are more likely to survive and thusto reproduce. This is Darwin’s theory of natural selection stated in the language of DNA.

Capital has often been thought of narrowly as physical capital – the machines, tools, and equipment used in the production of other goods, but our wealth and wellbeing also relieson natural capital. If we forget this, we risk degradingthe services that natural ecosystems provide, which support our economies and sustain our lives. These services include purifying our water, regulatingour climate, reducing flood risk, and pollinating our crops. The Natural Capital Project works to provide decision makers with reliableways to assess the true value of the services that ecosystems provide. An essential element of the Natural Capital Project is developing tools that help decision makers protect biodiversity and ecosystem services.

A music student at the University of Salford who wrote a song in two weeks is celebrating afterbeing featured on a compilation album produced by Metropolis Studios. Pop mega-stars including Adele, Michael Jackson and Sir Elton John have all recorded music at the world famous Metropolis Studios. Last year, the recording studios set aboutcompiling an album called ‘Lost Songs’, which features songs from relatively unknown musicians. First year student Zak Taylor Fray decided to submit his song demo to be included in Volume Two of the Lost Songs album which was released this year, after he saw howsuccessful Volume One had been. Zak 24, said: “I found this competition when simply searchingthe internet for songwriting competitions one day, and was lucky that there was still timeto enter. It amazes me that people who have worked with huge pop stars thought my song was good and worth something.

No matter whether you speak English or Urdu, Waloon or Waziri, Portuguese or Persian, the roots of your language are the same. Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the mother tongue – shared by several hundred contemporary languages, as well as many now extinct, and spoken by people who lived from about 6,000 to 3,500 BC on the steppes to the north of the Caspian Sea. They left no written texts and althoughhistorical linguists have, since the 19th century, painstakingly reconstructed the language from daughter languages, the question of how it actually sounded was assumed to be permanently out of reach. Now, researchers at the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford have developed a sound-based method to move back through the family tree of languages that stem from PIE. They can simulate how certain words wouldhavesoundedwhen they were spoken 8,000 years ago. Remarkably, at the heartof the technology is the statistics of shape. “Sounds have shape,” explains Professor John Aston, from Cambridge’s Statistical Laboratory. “As a word is uttered it vibrates air, and the shape of this soundwave can be measured and turned into a series of numbers. Once we have these stats, and the stats of another spoken word, we can start asking how similar they are and what it would take to shift from one to another.

Clean water was very important to the Romans. Cities, towns and forts were built near springs. However, as Roman cities and towns grew, they needed to bring in water from furtherafield. As the population grew, sodid the need for clean water. Trying to shift large volumesof water underground in pipes was not possible as lead pipes would be too weak and bronze pipes would be too expensive. The Romans could not make cast iron pipes as the techniquesfor doing this were not known to them. If water could not be brought via pipes, the Romans decided to bring it overland in what were conduits. When the water got to the city, it was fed off into smaller bronze or ceramic pipes. To get the water to flow at an even (and slow) pace, conduits were built on a slight slope. Valleys were crossed by using aqueducts. One of the most famous of these is the Pont du Gard aqueduct at Nimes in southern France. Where possible, the Romans did take water through tunnels but the hills needed to be relatively small for this to be successful.

Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then determine the appropriate price to sell it at. The price is set by balancingmany factors including supply-and-demand, cost, desired profit, competition, perceived value, and market behavior. Ultimately, the final price is determinedby what the market is willing to exchangefor the product. Pricing theory can be quite complex because so many factorsinfluence what the purchaser decides is a fair value. It also should be notedthat, in addition to monetary exchange, price can be the exchange of goods or services as in a barter agreement, or an exchange of specific behavior, such as a vote in a political campaign.

As demand for food and competition for land rises, it is vital that crop losses are limited. Chemical protection has providedeffective control of crop losses in recent years. Alongside chemical fertilizers and improved crop genetics, it has helped to increase crop yields dramatically over the last six decades. However, there is now a need to develop complementary alternatives, and researchers from the Rural Economy and Land Use Program have been exploring the potential of -- and barriers to -- alternative pest management approaches. 'Alternatives to chemical pesticides are neededbecause overuse of them leads to pesticide resistance and affects biodiversity and water quality,' says Dr Alastair Bailey. 'Heightened EU regulations are also leading to the withdrawal of many pesticide products. Hence, complementary approaches are required to reduce use and preserve the efficacy of those valuable pesticides that are still available to sustain food production systems.

That Sigmund Freud became a major intellectual presence in twentieth-century culture is not in doubt. Noris there any doubt that at all times there was both fervent enthusiasm over and bitter hostility to his ideas and influence. But the exact means bywhichFreud became, despite this hostility, a master of intellectual life, on a par, already in the 1920s, with Karl Marx, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie and Bertrand Russell, has not been sufficiently explored. Strikingly, Freud emerged as a twentieth-century icon without the endorsement and support ofan institution or a profession (in contrast to Einstein, Curie and Russell). Where are we to look for the details of this story of an emergent - and new - figure of immense cultural authority? One of the principal aims of this book is to show how this happened in one local, parochial yet privileged, site - Cambridge, then as now a university town stranded in the English Fens with a relatively small fluctuatingpopulation.

Children who skip school are increasingly on family holidays, government figures revealed today. Fewerchildren played truant this spring term compared with the spring term last year. Children missed 3m unauthorized days of school last term, compared with 3.7m days of school in the same period last year. But a hardcoregroup of truants - 6% of the school population - who account for more than three-quarters of all those on unauthorized absence, are more likely to be on a family holiday than they were in the same periodlast year. Some 1.2% of all absence was for family holidays not agreedby their school last term, compared with 0.9% for the same term last year. More than 60% of all absences were for illness, the same figure as last year. ，。， 。，300，370。，—— 6%——，。， 1.2%，，0.

Small lakes with a surface area of less than 100 square meters represent the majority of global freshwater ecosystems. Many of these lakes arefoundin remote, often mountainous areas with no inflow and outflow. Yet in most of these lakes, there are fish. So howdo fish reach lakes and ponds that are not connected to other bodies of water? This question wasalreadyaddressed by some of the leading natural scientists of the 19th century such as Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Lyell, who all came to the same conclusion— water birds must be responsibleforfish dispersal. And they had a plausible explanation for this: fish eggs of some species are sticky and can survive for some time out of water. The theory is thus that the fish eggs stickto water birds' feathers or feet; the birds then fly from one body of water to the next, where the fish hatch from their eggs.

Coastal fish farms seem to do less harm to nearby plants and animals than previously believed, a new study reveals. And marine ecosystems can recover from this damage surprisinglyfast. But the analysis of a single trout farm in a Faroe Islands fjord over nearly a year also shows that these facilities need to be placedcarefully, and that there’s a limit to how many can operatein a particular area before its biodiversity suffers lasting harm. In coastal farms, fish live in large cages hanging from pontoons on the surface. Fish feces and uneaten food sink to the seabed, affecting its ecosystem. Badly-managed farms can also have serious effectson the surrounding water column.

A renewed interest in well-being, especially among baby boomers, as well as rising personal incomes, led to more spending on health and fitness in 2005. This prompted an expansionin the number of fitness and recreation centres across the country. Golf courses also enjoyedrenewed success, as the sport increased in popularity, possibly the result of retiring baby boomers heading to the links. In 2005, householdsspent an average $3,918 on recreation, up slightly from $3,678 in 2004. Items included in the 2005 figure are: an average $166 on sports and athletic equipment; $665 to buy and operaterecreational vehicles such as snowmobiles, bicycles and trailers; and $299 for the use of sports and recreation facilities.

Bhutan is the last standing Buddhist Kingdom in the World and, until recently, has preservedmuch of their culture since the 17th century by avoiding globalization and staying isolated from the world Internet, television, and western dress were banned from the country up until ten years ago. But over the past ten years globalization has begun to change in Bhutan, but things remain perfectlybalanced.Bhutan is the only country in the world that has a 'GNH.' You may think GNH is just another statisticallybased term with no real-life application, but it refers to "Gross National Happiness." The process of measuring GNH began when Bhutan opened to globalization. It measures people's quality of life, and makes sure that "material and spiritual development happen together." Bhutan has done an amazing Job of finding this balance. Bhutan has continually been (ranked) as the happiest country in all of Asia, and the eighth Happiest Country in the world according to Business Week. In 2007 Bhutan had the second fastest growing GDP in the world, at the same time as maintainingtheir environment and cultural identity.Bhutan is the only Buddhist Kingdom in the world; Mahayana Buddhism is the official religion of Bhutan. Over two thirds of the people are Buddhist, and Buddhism is supported by the government both politically and economically. The government gives subsidiesto Buddhist monasteries, shrines, monks and other Buddhist programs.

Bhutan used to be one of the most isolated nations in the world. Developments including direct international flights, the Internet, mobile phone networks, and cable television have increasinglymodernized the urban areas of the country. Bhutan has balancedmodernization with its ancient culture and traditions under the guiding philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH). Rampant destructionof the environment has been avoided. The government takes great measuresto preserve the nation's traditional culture, identity and the environment. In 2006, Business Week magazine rated Bhutan the happiest country in Asia and the eighth- happiest in the world, citinga global survey conducted by the University of Leicester in 2006 called the "World Map of Happiness".

Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health and well-being. Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of chronicdiseases, such as heart disease and stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults recommendat least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferablyevery day of the week, to obtainhealth benefits.

Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West since the late nineteenth century. During this period there has been an emphasison scientific thinking. Because of this, there have been many scientific studies in psychology which exploredifferent aspects of human nature. These include studies into how biology (physical factors) influences human experience, how people use their senses(touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop, why people behave in certain ways, how memory works, how people develop language, how people understand and think about the world, what motivates people, why people have emotions and how personality develops. These scientific investigationsall contribute to an understanding of human nature. What do we mean by the practical applications of these studies? An understandingof psychology is useful in many different areas in life, such as education, the workplace, social services and medicine. This means that people who have knowledge of psychology can useor apply that knowledge in areas such as the ones listed above.

The prospect of learning something from history is what makes sociologists tick. It is through developinga systematic understanding of the forces which shape our lives that we canexercise control over them. The founding thinkers of sociology, who cameto prominence during the development of what we are pleased to call modernity, thought so. It Is the intimate relationship between the development of sociology and the development of modernity that the course begins with. This relationship is an intimate one, because it is onlywith the social change instituted in the development of the modern world that a discipline such as sociology and social science in general could either exist or have anything to study.

The widespread use of artificial light in modern societies means that light pollution is an increasingly common feature of the environments humans inhabit. This type of pollution is exceptionallyhigh in coastal regions of tropic and temperate zones, as these are areas of high rates of human population growth and settlement. Light pollution is a threat for many species that inhabit these locations, particularly those whose ecology or behavior depends, insomeway, on natural cycles of light and dark. Artificial light is known to have detrimental effects on the ecology of sea turtles, particularly at the hatchling stage when they emerge from nests on natal beaches and head towards the sea. Under natural conditions, turtles hatch predominantly at night (although some early morning and late afternoon emergences occur) and show an innate and well-directed orientation to the water, relyingmostly on light cues that attract them toward the brighter horizon above the sea surface. Artificial lighting on beaches is strongly attractive to hatchlings and can cause them tomoveawayfromthe sea and interferewith their ability to orient in a constant direction. Ultimately, this disorientation due to light pollution can lead to death of hatchlings from exhaustion, dehydration and predation.

Twenty years ago, not so long before B-15 broke off from Antarctica, 'we didn't even know that icebergs made noise,' says Haru Matsumoto, an ocean engineer at NOAA who has studied these sounds. But in the past fewyears, scientists have started to learn to distinguish the eerie, haunting sounds of iceberg life — ice cracking, icebergs grinding againsteach other, an iceberg grounding on the seafloor — and measure the extent to whichthose sounds contribute to the noise of the ocean. While they're just now learning to listen, the sounds of ice could help them understand the behavior and breakup of icebergs and ice shelves as the poles warm up.

Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity-doing something truly creative, we're inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year throughhis late twenties, culminating, at age thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick." Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E- Flat-Major at the ageof twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the importanceof precocity has hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I grow old . . . I grow old")? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young," the creativityresearcher James Kaufman maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow," agrees: "The most creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young." According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on creativity, "Lyric poetry is a domainwhere talentis discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age.

To better understand selfies and how people form their identities online, the researchers combed through 2.5 million selfie posts on Instagram to determine what kinds of identity statements people make by taking and sharing the photos.Nearly 52 percent of all selfies fellintothe appearance category: pictures of people showing off their make-up, clothes, lips, etc. Pics about looks were two times more popular than the other 14 categories combined. After appearances, social selfies with friends, loved ones, and pets were the most common (14 percent). Then came ethnicity pics (13 percent), travel (7 percent), and health and fitness (5 percent). The researchers noted that the prevalence of ethnicity selfies (selfies about a person’s ethnicity, nationality or country of origin) is an indication that people are proud of their backgrounds. They also found that most selfies are solo pictures, ratherthan taken with a group.Overall, an overwhelming 57 percent of selfies on Instagram were posted by the 18-35-year-old crowd, something the researchers say isn’t too surprising consideringthe demographics of the social media platform. The under-18 age group posted about 30 percent of selfies. The older crowd (35+) shared them far less frequently (13 percent). Appearance was most popular among all age groups.Lead author Julia Deeb-Swihart says selfies are an identity performance—meaning that users carefully craft the way they appear online and that selfies are an extension of that. This evokes William Shakespeare’s famous line: “All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.

Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another vehicle. How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible-and reckless atthesametime? Easily, according to two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been exploringthe uniquestructure and chemistry of the adolescentbrain. "The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of development. These are people with very sharpbrains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them.

Spanish is spoken by more than 300 million people in over 20 countries and is rapidly becoming one of the most popular choicesfor language learners around the world. A popular course for beginners, Suenos World Spanish is designed to meetthe varied needs of adult learners, whetherlearning at home or in a class. From the very beginning it encourages you to develop your listening and speaking skills with confidence and providesmany opportunities to practice reading in Spanish. Using the extensive rangeof media available, from the course book to the audio CDs or cassettes, to the popular accompanying television series and free online activities, Suenos World Spanish can help you reach the equivalent level of a first qualification, such as GCSE.

At the end of the last ice age, the melting ice disrupted the ocean currents in the North Atlantic and causeda drop in temperature of almost 5 degrees. Eventhoughthe rest of the planet was warming up, the North Atlantic region remained in a cold period for 1300 years. The same thing happened around8000 years ago, when the cooling lasted about a hundred years, and it couldhappen again today. Even a short period of cooling in the North Atlantic could have a dramatic effect on the wildlife, and the human populations, living there.

The emperor is the giant of the penguin world and the most iconic of the birds of Antarctica. Gold patches on their ears and on the top of their chest brightenuptheir black heads. Emperors and their closest relative, the king penguin, have unique breeding cycles, with very long chick-rearing periods. The emperor penguins breed the furthest south of any penguin species, forming large colonies on the sea-ice surrounding the Antarctic continent. They are true Antarctic birds, rarely seenin the subantarctic waters. So that the chicks can fledge in the late summer season, emperors breed during the cold, dark winter, with temperatures as low at - 50°C and winds upto 200 km per hour. They trek 50–120 km (30–75 mls) over the ice to breeding colonies which may include thousands of individuals. The female lays a single egg in May then passes it over to her mate to incubate whilstshe goes to sea to feed. For nine weeks the male fasts, losing 45% of his body weight. The male balances the egg on his feet, which are coveredin a thick roll of skin and feathers. The egg can be 70°C warmer than the outside temperature.

Since Austria sits at a high elevation and spends a quarter of the year under snow, it should come as no surprise that heating is a matter of considerable importance in the country. What may be surprising, however, is that Vienna—a grand imperial city of music, art, and history—actually boasts a museum dedicatedspecifically to heating systems.

One of the most important things to remember is that "classic" does not necessarily translate to "favorite" or "bestselling". Literature is instead considered classic when it has stood the test of time and it stands the test of time when the artistic qualityit expresses - be it an expression of life, truth, beauty, or anything about the universal human condition - continues to be relevant and continues to inspire emotional responses, no matter the period in which the work was written. Indeed, classic literature is considered as such regardlessofbook sales or public popularity. That said, classic literature usuallymerits lasting recognition - from critics and other people in a position to influence such decisions - and has a universal appeal. And, while effective use of language as well as technical excellence - is a must, not everything that is well-written or is characterizedby technical achievement or critical acclaim will automatically be considered a classic. Conversely, works that have not been acknowledged or received positivelyby the writer's contemporaries or critics can still be considered as classics.

Australia and New Zealand have many common links. Both countries were recently settled by Europeans, are predominantly English speaking and in that sense, share a common cultural heritage. Although in close proximity to one another, both countries are geographically isolated and have small populations by world standards. They have similar histories and enjoy close relations on many fronts. In terms of population characteristics, Australia and New Zealand have much in common. Both countries have minority indigenous populations, and during the latter half of the 20th century have seen a steady stream of migrants from a variety of regions throughout the world. Both countries have experiencedsimilar declines in fertility since the high levels recorded during the baby boom, and alongside this have enjoyed the benefits of continually improving life expectancy. One consequence of these trends is that both countries are faced with an ageing population, and the associatedchallenge of providing appropriate care and support for this growing group within the community.

“Until now, few sightings of the alien lionfish Pterois miles have been reported in the Mediterranean and it was questionablewhether the species could invade this region like it has in the western Atlantic." Demetris Kletou, co-author of the paper said in a statement. “But we've found that lionfish have recently increasedin abundance, and within a year have colonized almost the entire south eastern coast of Cyprus, assisted by sea surface warming. Lionfish were originally found in the waters of the Pacific and lndian Oceans. They likely ended up in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic after beingreleasedfrom home aquariums. The invasion of the Mediterranean has different roots. The expansion of the Suez Canal has given lionfish even moreaccessto the Mediterranean Sea and warming water temperatures have provided the perfectenvironment for the invasive species.

Upholding the motto of “Integrity, Vision and Academic Excellence”, Shanghai International Studies University (SISU) is an internationally recognized, prestigiousacademic institution distinctive for its multidisciplinary and multicultural nature, committed to preparing innovative professionals and future global leaders for a wide range of international expertise to address the critical challenges of our times. Drawing on our strengths in multi-language programs and multi-disciplinary resources, while responding to national and regional strategies, we operate more than 70 research institutes and centers serving as academic think tanks to provide advisory services on language policies, country'sdiplomatic strategies and global public opinion of China. These academic entities have contributed landmark research and are also dedicated to promoting the development of social sciences in China. We have now established partnerships with more than 330 universities and institutions from 56 countries and regions, and have maintainedclose connection with international organizations, including the United Nations and the European Union.

At the height of summer the Antarctic, tourist ships move gently around the coast. Even 30 years ago such sights would have been unthinkable, but today people are willing to pay large sums of money to see the last real wilderness in the world. In the Arctic, careless human exploitation inthepasthas damaged the fragile ecosystem. Today concerned governments are trying to find ways to develop the region whilecaring for the very special natural environment. Becausethe Antarctic is less accessible than the Arctic, it is still largely undamaged by humans, although holes in the ozone layer above the Antarctic have alreadybeendiscovered. Many people believe that one way to preserve the area is to make the whole region into a world park, with every form of exploitation internationally banned. banned adj.

Each of us is born into and raised in a particular"time world"-- an environment with its own rhythmto which we entrain ourselves. Certain cultures have related to time as a cyclicalphenomenon, in which there is no pressure or future anxiety. The whole of existence goes around: the cycle of theseasons, of planting and harvesting, the daily return of the sun, of birth and death. In circular time there is no pressing needto achieve and create newness, or to insatiably produce more than is needed to simply survive. Additionally, there is no fear of death. Such societies have successfully integrated the past and future into a peaceful sense of the present. They also honored the wisdom of elders who held the knowledge of the past-- upon which the future was clearly linked.

A drop in the incidence of lightning strikes could impacton the frequency of wildfires, especially in tropical regions. It could also lower the incidence of lightning strikes to infrastructure and affect how greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contribute to climate change. Scientists from the Universities of Edinburgh and Leeds and Lancaster University used a newly devised method to calculate the likely incidence of lightning flashes from storm clouds. Unliketraditional calculations of lightning flashes at the global scale, which are based on the height of clouds, their approach takes into account the movement of tiny ice particles that form and move within clouds. Electrical charges buildupin these ice particles, and in cold water droplets and soft hail formed inside clouds. These are dischargedduring storms, giving rise to lightning flashes and thunder.